Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics

Advisable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fitting - Essay Example The jury is still out on the lawfulness of employing just declaring Evangelical Christians. By all accounts, it appears to be extremely sensible to do as such, however the lawful ramifications make it a fragile waterway on which to step. There are some who state it is completely unlawful, still others state it is legitimate just in specific situations, (for example, the association not getting government assets), and others state it is flawlessly lawful in light of the idea of the association and its strategies, means, objectives, and effort. There is likewise the opposite side of the lawful and moral issue, which is that a skeptic or non-Christian might be misguided to work in a situation that may insult them. Says World Vision â€Å"...Our recruiting arrangement is crucial to the uprightness of our strategic serve the poor as adherents of Jesus Christ.† The relevant words are â€Å"as devotees of Jesus Christ.† On account of an assembling office, which is a private for-benefit non-government subsidized activity, the â€Å"christian-only† approach might be established, however it could be banned or struck down if lawfully tested in court. Initiating that strategy is legitimate, however not fitting. In Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act is an arrangement that excludes strict associations from being held subject for charges of separation. Title VII, which stays not entirely clear by the courts, states: â€Å"(a) Inapplicability of subchapter to specific outsiders and representatives of strict substances: This subchapter will not have any significant bearing to a business as for the work of outsiders outside any State, or to a strict organization, affiliation, instructive foundation, or society concerning the work of people of a specific religion to perform work associated with the carrying on by such enterprise, affiliation, instructive establishment, or society of its activities.à ¢â‚¬  †¦ 19 Therefore proceed to make followers all things considered, purifying through water them in the name of

Lawyer Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Lawyer Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips Did you watch the latest season of “Suits” and finally decided to apply for a new lawyer job?If your answer is yes, then you are in the right place! Today we will cover a topic that could help you get a lawyer job you want.In today’s business environment there is a lot of legal practice, whether it is in crime and justice area or in corporate law.Because of that, there are a lot of law schools and a lot of people decide to follow that path and become a lawyer.Along with that comes the need for more lawyer jobs.However, there are usually more lawyers than available jobs, so if you want to walk that path, you need to find a way to distinguish yourself from the competition.And right here comes the importance of a well-written professional resume because it could make all the difference to a recruiter who is tasked with finding the perfect candidate for the job.So, in order to write a perfect lawyer resume, first, we need to ask some questions that should be answered by that same r esume.Find the best way to distinguish yourself from the competitionDefine the main parts of a lawyer resumePick or make the perfect lawyer resume templateOptimize the resume sizeEvery good resume should consist of these four elements. Once you figure them out, you will easily be able to write a perfect lawyers resume.Note that resumes shouldn’t be too long since they are simply the short biography of your business and partly personal life.Therefore, you shouldn’t make your resume longer than 2 pages at max.Everything above that would make your resume look unprofessional, which is what we are trying to avoid here.Before we begin with the main guide, we will show you a couple of examples of how a perfect lawyer resume should look like.After that, we will analyze each individual part of a lawyers resume and explain how to write them, in order to make your resume look good.In the end, we will focus on some tips that could help you pass the interview and get the lawyer job you want, as well as some tips that could make your resume even better.So, are you ready to roll?For those who are, without any further due, we may begin!Corporate Associate Lawyer Resume Example Right Associate Attorney Resume Example Right Create your own resumeEXPERTS SAY YOU SHOULD SHARE THIS PERSONAL INFORMATION IN YOUR LAWYER RESUMENow that we’ve seen some functional resume samples, let’s move on to the guide which will help you to write your own lawyer resume.The very first thing you should write in your resume is, of course, some sort of personal information section, which should contain basic personal and contact information.This is done because you want to make it easier for recruiters to get a quick overview of you, such as your name, home address and contact information like phone number and email address.And since we live in the age of the internet and social media, it is common to put some information about your social media accounts.So, without any further delay, let’s talk about all of these individual things and discover the best way to include them in your resume.How to Properly Write Your Name in a Lawyer Resume?Of course, the very first information everyone tends to write in their resume is the ir name. It’s like when meeting someone.We can consider a resume to be a sort of a business letter or even better, a bit larger business ID, which allows companies to learn something about you and decide whether you could be a perfect person for the job or not.And just like with any business letter, you should open up with your name. However, since this is not a casual meeting, there are some tips to follow.Note that you should always write your full name in your resume, without using nicknames or short version of your name.That would look unprofessional and wouldn’t be good to put in a business letter. Let’s take a look at the example.James Allen RightJaime Allen WrongIncluding Profession in Your Lawyer ResumeNext to your name, you should add your current or past profession, so recruiters could see if you are experienced or not.The proper way to do this is to write your professional title right under your name, which would easily be seen by recruiters.By looking at your pre vious title, they will be able to see whether you are already an experienced individual and whether you are fit for the job they are offering.“But what if I don’t have any experience, because I just graduated?”Worry not! We got you covered on that one too!If you are a fresh graduate, who hasn’t been working during studies, then you probably don’t have a professional title to include in your lawyers resume.However, don’t let that discourage you! In this case, you should put your highest education title, such as ‘Master of Laws’ if you have acquired Master’s Degree or even a ‘Bachelor of Law’ if that has been your highest point in education so far.In case you are still finishing your bachelor’s studies, then you can simply put ‘Law Student’, so recruiters would know what to expect from your resume.The Perfect Photo to Share on Your Lawyer ResumeIn some countries, sharing a photo on your resume is pretty common, while in some others not so much, but we’ll cover it here.Even though it might not be necessary to add a photo in your resume, there is really no harm in doing it, if you do it properly.And by properly, we mean choosing the right photo to add.There are several important characteristics a resume photo should include, so let’s take a look.Photo instructionsNatural smileCombed and neat hairNaturally open eyesFor women â€" without too much makeupFor men â€" trimmed and neat beardA white or neutral environmentNice formal clothesUpright stature RightPhoto instructionsForced smileStaring or closed eyesMessed up hairFor women â€" tons of makeupFor men â€" messy beardToo colorful or environment full of peopleCasual or sport clothesSluggish stature WrongIn order for your lawyer resume photos to look professional, you should follow these simple tips we provided above.This means that you should probably avoid using random photos from your Instagram or Facebook profiles since most of them probably won’t meet the criteria.So, no rand om photos with friends, drinking on the beaches and everything else that might look a bit unprofessional, which is what you’re trying to avoid.Instead, you should take a new photo, perhaps even go to a professional photo studio if you find some that are not expensive.Yes, you might think that is a bit too much to do simply to write a resume, but remember, you want to distinguish yourself from other job applicants, and investing some time in making your resume look perfect is a good way of doing it.Shall I Add Phone Number to My Resume?Now, let’s move on to adding some contact information, so recruiters could get in touch with you if they decide to give you a chance and invite you to an interview.The most common way they tend to do it is by directly talking to you via the phone calls. Therefore, it is pretty much recommended to include your phone number in your lawyers resume.Also, even though emails are very used, they tend to bug, so it is a good idea to have several alternativ e ways to communicate with job applicants.Another thing is that, for some jobs, where it is necessary to communicate with clients, recruiters like to talk to their applicants over the phone, to evaluate their interpersonal skills a bit.Sharing Home Address â€" Yay or Nay?When it comes to writing home addresses in a resume, a lot of people are not sure whether to do it or not, so let’s answer that, shall we?Sharing your home address is usually optional in most job applications, even though it may have some benefits.First of all, some jobs are only available in certain states, so perhaps if you are not from that state, you should let the company’s office know that.They might be able to help you with finding the place to live or even pay for it if you are an expert in your area.Also, there is a question about transportation costs. If you live a bit farther from the company, then you might be given a paid bonus, which you can use to pay your transportation costs.Apart from that, lar ge companies often have their own organized transportation service for people who don’t live close to the job.Last, but not least, if recruiters know your home address, they might be willing to offer you a job position that is closer to your home, so you wouldn’t have to spend too much time in traffic.Therefore, there is really no reason not to write your home address in your resume, since it can only help you get certain benefits or even better job position.Pro Way of Writing E-Mail Address in Your Lawyer ResumeApart from a phone number, the most important contact information you should always include in your resume is, of course, your email address.Communication via emails is the most commonly used way of communication in business, between companies, between employees and employers and also between recruiters and job candidates.Apart from that, 99% of a job application is done via emails nowadays, so even if you don’t include your email address in your resume, people will st ill know what email to contact you.But, it would make things easier if you just wrote it anyway because it would reduce time recruiters would have to go through dozens of emails just to find the right one.However, you should keep in mind that not all types of emails are good to be shared in a lawyers resume, or in general in every resume.darrel.ryan@ymail.com Rightdarrel6578@ymail.com WrongAs shown in the example, you should avoid using random emails you had created for things like Netflix account and such.Instead, you should create a new email, which you will only use for things like job applications or anything else related to business.When doing so, you should use your full name, or a bit shorter version if your full name is too long, but make sure not to use funny nicknames.It would look unprofessional and could reduce your chances of getting the job you want. So, avoid using emails like the one shown in the example, where there are a lot of random numbers.When it comes to sel ecting a good email provider, the choice is yours. However, our advice is to use the most known email providers, such as Google or Yahoo.Including Your Social Media Profiles in Lawyer ResumeTruth be told, imagining a world without social media platforms is near to impossible nowadays because they have such a great impact on almost every part of life, from personal to business side.Social media started as a way to get people from around the world together on the internet, to meet each other and talk about various subjects.Over time, this concept evolved into something much bigger. Nowadays, social media platforms are not just used for socializing people and making new friendships, but they are pretty much used in business as well.Companies invest millions in making social media marketing strategies that could help them get more customers for their products and services.Because of that, sharing some of your social media accounts in your resume has become a pretty common thing.Sometime s, it is also needed to be done, depending on the job you’re applying for, such as social media marketing manager or similar.However, before you go to your social media accounts, copy the links and paste them to your resume, you should slow down and read what we advise.Simply copying your account’s links would look a bit sloppy, with all those random letters and numbers present in the links.So, before doing that, make sure to edit links a bit and remove parts that are not necessary for the browser to open your account page. Let’s see how that would look.linkedin.com/Darrell-Ryan Rightlinkedin.com/Darrell-Ryan-5x1978142 WrongAs you can see, your profile links would look more professional without these random letters and numbers, as shown above.Also, if you want to share, for instance, your Twitter or Facebook accounts, make sure to edit them so they would look more professional.So, remove some unnecessary and kind of stupid posts and photos and focus on making your profile lo ok like you are a true professional.Sharing all of these is optional, so if you don’t want to mess with your social media profiles, then don’t and simply don’t include them in your lawyers resume.However, the only really important social media account you should always share is your LinkedIn account, since it is the social media made for business people to connect to each other and companies.THE BEST WAY TO SUMMARIZE THE MOST IMPORTANT INFORMATION IN YOUR LAWYER RESUMEAfter you have successfully written something about your personal and contact information in your lawyers resume, it is time to include something about your competencies, skills, and achievements.However, since that usually includes a lot of detail, even though you are trying to keep your lawyer resume as short as possible.Therefore, you should create a small section dedicated to summarizing the most relevant information about your previous jobs, education, skills, and potential personal achievements.This section shouldn’t be bigger than just a couple of short sentences, describing what kind of jobs you were on, what kind of skills you had to use to perform well on those jobs and whether you’ve had some noteworthy achievements in your business or student history.SummaryCorporate Associate with over 10 years of experience in working on numerous cases both in corporate practice and criminal area. Has extensive knowledge of the law and all law practices that are used to settle criminal cases and capable of finding loopholes that could help newly-found startups to stay on their feet and expand further. RightSummaryCorporate Associate with over 10 years of experience. WrongIf you compare two summaries from the table, you will see that even though they both state that a candidate has over 10 years of experience, the first one looks much better.This is because the summary labeled with ‘Wrong’ looks kind of generic, and you can see similar summaries in a lot of lawyers resumes.The problem with this is that they don’t tell you much about the applicant’s experience, only that he has some, which is a pretty shallow explanation.On the other hand, the summary labeled with ‘Right’ is much more detailed and it includes a lot of information about activities this person performed on different jobs.By writing a summary section like this, you will literally stand out of the crowd of generic resumes, which would make your resume look a bit more professional and increase your chance of being invited to a job interview, which is something you should always try to achieve.WRITING DOWN YOUR PREVIOUS JOBS LIKE A CHAMP!Now when your lawyer resume summary is ready, it is time to start writing the main part of your resume, which is your experience section.People often wonder how far back should you go on a resume.If you are a person with a lot of experience, it might not be possible to simply write all your previous jobs, without making the resume too long.In that case, you sho uld only put the most relevant jobs you’ve ever had or jobs that are the most relevant for the position you’re applying for.That way, you will avoid having a too large resume, while also maintaining the most relevant information you have to include in it.When it comes to the proper way of writing the experience section of a lawyer resume, let’s take a look at the example to get a better insight. Right WrongThe first thing you can see in this example is that jobs are not written in chronological order, but in the exact opposite way, by listing the most recent jobs first and then moving back to the past.Also, for every job, there is a brief description of what kind of job activities were performed and what were some of the results that came out of those activities.This way, potential employers will learn something about your capabilities and things you have experienced in previous jobs, which will give them a better insight into how well you could be able to perform if they hired you.PROPER WAY OF PUTTING YOUR EDUCATION TO WORK ON YOUR LAWYER RESUMEThere are several important factors to consider if you want to become a lawyer, among which have the proper education is one of the crucial factors.Because of that, you need to think about the best way to write about education in your lawyer resume, so it would look as professional as possible.Normally, you would write this part of the resume similar to the previous one, with several differences, which will be mentioned after the example. Right WrongAs said, the concept is similar to writing the experience section. You should also start with the most recent education, then move back to the past.However, in the case of really experienced people, they often have a lot of jobs to put in their resume, so putting a lot of information about schools and universities would simply make the resume too big, which is something you need to avoid.Therefore, for people with a lot of experience, they can simply write their highest education, for example, their master’s degree if that is the highest level of education they’ve achieved.Also, similar to listing jobs, make sure to write a couple of points about the activities you did during your studies or some accomplishments you’ve achieved.For example, if you had good grades, make sure to include your GPA score because, even though grades are not the most important factor, they are pretty useful when it comes to distinguishing yourself from other candidates, especially in lawyer job s.Apart from that, make sure to write some accomplishments, such as participating in case studies, or getting onto the Dean’s list, in case the criteria for it were high.THE MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS EVERY LAWYER SHOULD HAVE IN THEIR RESUMEThe last part of a lawyer resume is reserved for your skills. People often ask how to write a resume skills section and what skills to add, especially if they have a lot of different skills to add.While it is true that having a lot of different kinds of skills is good and a lot of skills that are not directly related to jobs we have might be actually useful for doing other jobs, that doesn’t mean we should list all of our skills in the resume.Remember, you need to keep resume size to a minimum, without adding too much unnecessary information, even though it may seem useful.Because of that, you should only list those skills that are closely related to the job you are applying for, and exclude those jobs that are not important for this job.That way, you will make it easier for recruiters to read your resume and compare the skills you have with the skills they need from a person who would do the job they are offering. Right WrongTHE WINNING LIST OF ADVICE ON HOW TO GET A LAWYER JOBAs for now, we had covered all individual sections of the resume that are important and learned how to write them one by one.Now you know what personal information to include in your lawyer resume and how to write a short summary section, without making it too extensive, and yet very informative.You are aware of the best way to list your jobs and education in the resume and you know what skills are important for a lawyer.Now, let’s focus on several things that could be helpful in making your lawyer resume more professional and appealing to the eyes of the reader.1. Perfect Font Style to Make Your Lawyer Resume BeautifulOne of the things that could make your resume look very pretty and a bit more professional is basically the very first thing you need to select when you open a word document, which is, of course, font style.Now, we can’t say that there are several best fonts for your resume, simply because every resume sho uld be unique and, in a way, personal.What you should have in mind though, is to try to pair up the font you choose with other elements of the resume in that way that they fit together well.For example, think about the profession or the job position you’re applying for and then try to select the font style that goes well with it.Also, the template you make or download could also be a deciding factor, as well as your own personality, since you want to make your resume personal, you should think about the font you like.2. Optimize Your Lawyer Resume SizeOne of the most important things that could help your lawyer resume to look more professional and easier to read is excellent organization and optimal size for the amount of content you have to share.There are a lot of people who are very experienced and have a lot of jobs to list in their resumes. Because of that, they tend to make resumes that are even 3 or 4 pages long.That way of thinking is somehow wrong since resumes should onl y be around 1 or a maximum of 2 pages long, even with a lot of content.If you organize everything right, you will easily be able to fit that on those 2 pages, even if you have a lot of experience.There are several ways of doing that, which will all be covered a bit later. For now, the important thing is that you should only add the most important content in your resume and use some tricks to reduce the number of words, without losing any relevant information.3. Using Bulleting Lists to Organize Your ResumeOne of those ways that could help you to reduce the number of words, without losing actual content is, of course, the use of bulleting lists.Not just they could help you beautify your lawyer resume, but they could also help recruiters’ jobs easier because they would be able to read your resume much faster and compare skills you have with the skills needed for the job they offer.Also, instead of writing everything in paragraphs and sentences, you can easily shorten the content by writing it as different points.That look, along with the practical use of bulleting lists can easily transform your resume from messy text to a perfectly-organized resume.4. What File Formats are Suitable for Writing Lawyer Resume?When selecting the file format to use for your resume, there are two things to think about: practicality and professionality.Basically, there are two main types of text formats that are widely used for, not just writing the resume, but for almost writing everything.The most common type is .txt file format, which is used for writing everything, either via Word or some other software.It is very easy to edit or update this file format, which is why our recommendation is to keep one copy of your resume in this file format.On the other side, there is a .pdf file format, which is a bit harder to edit, but it does look a bit more professional than documents in .txt file format.Therefore, you should also keep one copy of your resume in .pdf file format and use it when you decide to apply for a job because it looks more professional and prettier to read than documents in .txt format.5. Selecting Well-Made Resume TemplateApart from font style and bulleting lists, another very useful tool that could make your resume look more professional is having a pretty nice template.The best solution would be to make your own template, which would give your resume a soul and make it more personal.However, it can be time-consuming and it requires a bit of knowledge in using MS Office package, especially Word.Therefore, a lot of people choose to download and use custom online resume templates, with which you can easily make a resume in a couple of minutes.If you decide to do that, however, make sure to download a resume template that would go well with the job position you’re applying for, as well as with your personality, to make the resume more personal.6. Importance of E-Mails and Why You Should Check Your E-Mails on a Daily BasisAs stated above, emails are one of the most important ways of communication in the business world, especially because they are the main way of applying for a job.However, sometimes there are problems with emails, like occasional bugs and messages that are not received or even sent.Also, a lot of messages tend to end up in the Spam folder, which doesn’t send notifications when new message arrives there.Therefore, you can easily miss really important messages if you don’t check your messages regularly, which could ruin your chances of getting the job.7. Reading Your Lawyer Resume After You Finish Writing ItLet’s imagine that you finished writing your lawyer resume and thought that finally, it’s the time to send it, but there is something that simply doesn’t feel right and you want to know what that is.If you think this way, you are completely right! Even after writing your resume, your job is not over because you need to go through it again and try to find if there are any types of mistakes, wheth er in content or simply some grammar mistakes.To do that, you should imagine that you are tasked with recruiting people for that same position and read your resume as it is a resume of some other applicant.That way, you will notice anything that could potentially be wrong and think of a way to fix those mistakes before you send the resume and apply for a job.8. Is Including Political Opinions in My Lawyer Resume Good Idea?Some people tend to think that we still live in communism. Some people do since there are some communist countries.However, in most cases that is not true and therefore, including your political opinion in your resume could be useful, but it could also bring more harm than good.For example, if recruiters had the same political opinions as yourself, or if they are in the same political party, then you would probably be safe and sound for the job.On the other hand, if that is not true, and if they belong to a different political body, then you might have a problem be cause they could choose not to be completely objective and remove you from the race, even before it started.Therefore, it is better not to share your political activities and opinions in a resume, because you want that recruiters stay objective most of the time.9. Fixing Your Grammar Mistakes Is Very Important!Everyone likes people who are polite and who use proper grammar. Don’t listen to those who say otherwise.Leaving a bunch of grammar errors in your lawyer resume would make it look very unprofessional, which could completely destroy your chances of being invited to a job interview.Therefore, always try to re-read your resume, so you could find any potential mistake, or simply use software like Grammarly, for example, which is capable of automatically detecting your grammar errors and fixing them.That would make your resume look neat and more professional, which simply goes well with the lawyer profession, doesn’t it?10. Always Update Your Lawyer ResumeWe live in a very fast -changing world, which is not only true in private and social areas, but also in the field of doing business.People change jobs faster than ever, so it’s needless to say that you always need to be ready to apply for some other job if a great opportunity pops up.In order to do that, you need to keep your resume updated all the time. That means if you learn something new, acquire a new skill or simply do some new important job, you should update your resume with it.That way, you will always be ready to send your resume to various companies and apply for different jobs, because you never know when you might stumble on a great job.11. Putting False Information in Your Resume Is a Bad IdeaWe are sure that you know A LOT of people who lied about something in their resume, whether it is just a simple skill or even something larger, such as adding fake courses.Some of those people might even get the job they want, but eventually, the truth will come out and if people who lie don’t acqui re the skill they lied about by then, there is always trouble ahead.For instance, you might say that you know how to handle divorce cases, but you had never done it before, nor learned about it.Then you get the divorce case and completely fail your client, simply because you lied about something trivial, rather than accepting the truth and learning more about things you don’t actually know.So, if you want to avoid being called a fraud and incompetent lawyer, you should definitely write only the truth in your resume.That way, potential employers will know if you perhaps need a starter training before fully committing to the job they’re offering.12. Preparing for a Job Interview is CrucialAs a final step before getting the job, you will most likely need to pass the job interview, where you will be asked a lot of questions, which sometimes can seem a bit weird.A lot of people make a mistake here and simply go to this meeting without any preparation and then they fail because they w eren’t ready.So, to avoid that, you should prepare yourself, by learning something more about the company you’re going to and even try finding something about the recruiter in charge of you.Some of this information is not always accessible, but when it is, it can be a great help, so don’t hesitate to check it out.Also, it is a good idea to learn more about the job itself and to prepare for questions that recruiters might ask you.To give you an example of how to ace a job interview, let’s see what Thomas Frank has to say about it and perhaps you will have a better understanding of how things are done. CONCLUSIONThere you go, folks! We’ve finally finished our guide on how to write a perfect lawyer resume in order to get the job you want.Here you learned why it is important to have a good resume, especially in the field of law, since the competition is great there.Apart from that, now you know what are all important parts of a good lawyer resume and how to write them without having to worry too much.What remains now is for you to step on it and write your own lawyer resume, by following our tips and tricks we had shared here.If you are still feeling a bit unsure about that, you can always use our resume template creator and make your resume in a few moments. Create your own resume

Caroline Young Murdered Her Grandchildren for Revenge

Carolina Young was a 51-year-old grandmother who was  convicted of murdering her two grandchildren. She received the death penalty. Young stabbed the children to death after learning that she had lost a custody battle with her grandsons father.   Young received custody of her two grandchildren because their mother, Vanessa Torres, was deemed unfit and was sent  to jail after she was convicted of being involved in drugs and prostitution. Torres testified that on June 18, 1993, the day of the murders, she saw blood on her mothers clothing and then found her son,  6-year-old son, Darrin Torres, lying on the bed dead with his throat cut. Carolina Young had stabbed herself in the abdomen at least a dozen times. When Torres picked up Darrin and then placed a call to the police department, Young took 4-year-old Dai-Zshia Torres into another room and stabbed and slashed at her until her to death. With the child dead beside her, Young repeatedly told her daughter that she no longer wanted to live. According to Torres, her mother Carolina Young, killed the children because she was angry that she had lost custody of the boy to his father. The father, Barrington Bruce,  a Marine recruiter from Virginia, did not know that he had a son until he was contacted by the state and told that he owed $12,000 in back child support. He then petitioned the court for custody of Darrin and received it. Bruce had arrived in the Bay Area on the same day as the murders. He was scheduled to pick up Darrin and bring him on a permanent basis to his home in Virginia. Young wrote a letter to her grandchildren and to their father on the day that she murdered them, saying in part,  I am a very unhappy spirit now on a rampage to get even with all that hurt me and mine, Young wrote to the boys father. Ill be back to show you how it feels to lose someone you really love . . . your daughter. Im coming back for her. Every baby your wife has I will come back and get.   Prosecutor Ken Burr said that before the children were murdered, Young told a friend,  I will kill the kids and take them with me to hell. Youngs lawyers argued that she should not be found guilty by reason of insanity and at the very most should be convicted of second-degree murder because the murders were not premeditated. The jury deliberated for just two and a half hours  before deciding that Young was guilty of first-degree murder and should receive the death penalty. Penalty Phase During the penalty phase of the trial,  Barrington Bruce  testified that when he learned that he had been granted custody of his son Darrin, that he felt like Christmas magnified by 10 but added that a dark cloud came over me when he found out that his son had been murdered. Youngs lawyer, Michael Berger, said that she committed the murders because she was mentally ill.   Berger told the judge, What sits before you is a sick woman and we have reached the point in the late 20th century where we dont execute sick people,   Vanessa Torres made a last-minute appeal for mercy in an effort to save her mothers life. Verdict Superior Court Judge Stanley Golde did not agree with Bergers assessment of Young, saying that her emotional problems had no effect on her ability to know what she was doing.  The judge then sentenced Young to death. In issuing the death sentence, the judge said Youngs conduct was totally repulsive to society and the killing of children is in effect the death of all society. Carolyn Young was the first woman ever given the death penalty in Alameda County, or so it is believed. On September 6, 2005, Young died of kidney failure at Central California Womens Facility in Chowchilla, California. Natural death is the most common way that death row inmates die in California. Since 1976, 13 men convicted of murder have been executed in California. The last woman executed in California was  Elizabeth Ann Duncan who was convicted of planning the murder of her daughter-in-law. Duncan was executed by the gas chamber in 1962.

Critical Appraisal Of A Qualitative Research Essay

Critical Appraisal of a Qualitative Research Article A critical appraisal of the article by Batch Windsor (2015) was completed to assess the value of this qualitative research study. This was accomplished through the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). The CASP tool is used to evaluate and clarify if these proposed research topics have merit. The tool resulted in the assessment that this article is useful, particularly within the nursing profession. Nonetheless, portions of this article that could have been further developed. Within the Nursing 1028 course, ethnography in the healthcare setting has often been examined. This article used an ethnographic framework to generate further comprehension of how nurses communicate, the culture, and disparities. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme allows for a comprehensive and structured method to evaluate research articles. This evaluation tool is able to use the first two questions to determine if the other questions should be examined. The first question of the CASP tool is to evaluate if there is a well-understood assertion of the objectives of the research study. The researchers were able to find a gap in the literature. Prior studies had not been conducted on how the use of â€Å"causal labour† to create inexpensive employment could impact teamwork dynamics. This was deemed important by the researchers because it could prevent these workers from forming collaborative bonds within the workplace. The articleShow MoreRelatedCritical Appraisal Of A Qualitative Research Article863 Words   |  4 PagesCritical appraisal of a qualitative research article. The qualitative article being appraised is by Martin and Woods (2012) using the CASP tool qualitative framework (CASP 2013). 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Gcse History Revision Notes †Germany Free Essays

History Revision Notes – Germany Weimar – strengths and weaknesses The Weimar Republic After Germany lost the First World War, the Kaiser fled and a new democratic government of Germany was declared in February 1919 at the small town of Weimar. It was too dangerous to make a declaration in Berlin where there had just been a revolt by a Communist group called the Spartacists. STRENGTHS †¢ A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote. †¢ There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted. WEAKNESSES †¢ Proportional representation – instead of voting for an MP, like we do in Britain, Weimar Germans voted for a party. Each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag exactly reflecting (proportional’ to) the number of people who had voted for it. This sounds fair, but in practice it was a disaster it resulted in dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority, and, therefore, no government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag. This was a major weakness of the Republic. Article 48 – this said that, in an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees [Decrees: Laws passed by one minister in a parliament, which have not been approved by the majority parliament. ]. The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and in the end, it turned out to be a way that Hitler used to take power legally. Weimar – problems 1919-1923 The Weimar Republic faced opposition from the outset in 1919, after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Economic hardship affecte d the whole nation and led to uprisings and assassinations. Key problems The Weimar Republic was created at a time of confusion and chaos after Germany had lost the First World War. Many people felt that Germany had received a very harsh deal in the Treaty of Versailles and they resented the government for signing it and agreeing to its conditions. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, not to mention economic problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. People were starving, the Kaiser had fled and people hated the government for signing the armistice to end the war in November 1918 – they called them the November criminals. Bands of soldiers called Freikorps refused to disband and formed private armies. It was not a good start for the Republic. There was continuous violence and unrest: †¢ In March 1920, there was a rebellion – the Kapp Putsch – that aimed to bring back the Kaiser . †¢ Nationalist terror groups assassinated 356 government politicians. †¢ Many of the people in Germany were communists who wanted to bring in a Russian-style communist government. There were a number of communist uprisings. For instance, in 1919 the Spartacists rebelled in Berlin. [pic] The Kapp Putsch march in March 1920, the right-wing nationalist Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The army refused to attack him; he was only defeated when the workers of Berlin went on strike. The Weimar government’s main crisis occurred in 1923, when the Germans failed to make a reparations payment ( payments made for damage caused in WW1. Part of T of V) on time, which set off a train of events that incl uded: †¢ a French invasion of the Ruhr †¢ a general strike †¢ hyperinflation †¢ a number of communist rebellions †¢ an attempted Nazi putsch in Munich Weimar – crisis of 1923 The 1923 crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment. This situation spiralled out of control and once again the German people were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred throughout the country. Hyperinflation The sudden flood of paper money into the economy, on top of the general strike – which meant that no goods were manufactured, so there was more money, chasing fewer goods – combined with a weak economy ruined by the war, all resulted in hyperinflation. Prices ran out of control – eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in January 1923 had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923. German’s currency became worthless. But remember: †¢ Some people made fortunes during the crisis. One man borrowed money to buy a herd of cattle, but soon after paid back his loan by selling one cow. †¢ People on wages were safe, because they renegotiated their wages every day. †¢ Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the most badly hit. One woman sold her house with the intention of using the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasn’t even enough to buy a loaf of bread. The Early Nazi Party The Nazi ideology: †¢ Lebensraum – the need for ‘living space’ for the German nation to expand. A strong Germany – the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and all German-speaking people united in one country. †¢ Fuhrer – the idea that there should be a single leader with complete power rather than a democracy. †¢ Social Darwinism – the idea that the Aryan race was superior and J ews were ‘subhuman’. †¢ Autarky – the idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient. †¢ Germany was in danger – from Communists and Jews, who had to be destroyed. The appeal of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis tried to be all things to all people. The 25-Point Programme had policies that were: †¢ Socialist – eg farmers should be given their land; pensions should improve; and public industries such as electricity and water should be owned by the state. †¢ Nationalist – all German-speaking people should be united in one country; the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished; and there should be special laws for foreigners. †¢ Racist – Jews should not be German citizens and immigration should be stopped. †¢ Fascist – a strong central government and control of the newspapers. The Nazis did not appeal to: †¢ working men who voted Communist intellectuals such as students and university professors They were popular with: †¢ nationalists and racists †¢ farmers †¢ lower middle-class people such as plumbers and shopkeepers who were worried about the chaos Germany was in †¢ rich people worried by the threat from Communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships crea ted by hyperinflation led to many uprisings as groups struggled to take power from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler tried to take advantage of the crisis facing the Weimar government by instigating a revolution in Munich. It seemed like the perfect opportunity, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent imprisonment of Adolf Hitler. Summary At first, the Nazis were just a terrorist group. Hitler assembled a large group of unemployed young men and former soldiers, known as the storm troopers (the SA), which attacked other political groups. Hitler hoped to take power by starting a revolution During the crisis of 1923, therefore, Hitler plotted with two nationalist politicians – Kahr and Lossow – to take over Munich in a revolution. Hitler collected his storm troopers and told them to be ready to rebel. But then, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an impossible situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight. [pic] Hitler waved a gun at Khar and Lossow On the night of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 storm troopers burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the local Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel – and then let them go home. The SA took over the army headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper. 16 Nazis were killed in the scuffle The next day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they thought would be a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, but was arrested two days later. Why did Hitler attempt the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever before. 2. The Weimar Republic was in crisis and about to collapse. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and every German nationalist was furious with the government. . Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had a huge army of storm troopers, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not give them something to do. 6. Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini – the Italian fascist leader – who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome. Results of th e Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result: 1. The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927. 2. Hitler went to prison, where he wrote ‘Mein Kampf’. Millions of Germans read it, and Hitler’s ideas became very well-known. 3. Hitler decided that he would never come to power by revolution; he realised that he would have to use constitutional means, so he organised: o the Hitler Youth o propaganda campaigns o mergers with other right-wing parties o local branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag o the SS as his personal bodyguard, which was set up in 1925 It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually brought him to power. How did the Weimar Republic survive? In 1923 the Weimar Republic was teetering at the brink of a very large cliff with problems such as hyperinflation, attempted revolutions and public discontent, pushing it increasingly towards the edge. How could the Republic possibly survive? Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes In 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, but, surprisingly, the crisis was the start of a period of stability and success. The period 1923-1929 was a time when the economy boomed and cultural life flourished in Germany. This dramatic turnabout happened because Germany was saved by two people – Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes. Gustav Stresemann had been a nationalist, but he realised that something needed to be done to save Germany. Under Stresemann’s guidance, the government called off the strike, persuaded the French to leave the Ruhr and even got the rest of the world to allow Germany to join the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann also introduced reforms to help ordinary people such as job centres, unemployment pay and better housing. Charles Dawes was the US budget director. In 1923, he was sent to Europe to sort out Germany’s economy. Under his advice, the German Reichsbank was reformed and the old money was called in and burned. This ended the hyperinflation. Dawes also arranged the Dawes Plan with Stresemann, which gave Germany longer to pay reparations. Most importantly, Dawes agreed to America lending Germany 800 million gold marks, which kick-started the German economy. Was Weimar stable during 1923-1929? Despite all the successes, many historians believe that the stability of the Weimar republic was illusory: 1. The nationalists and fascists did not win many seats in the Reichstag, but they were allowed to exist and campaign, so they were just waiting for the right opportunity to attempt a takeover again. . Everything depended on American money – if that stopped, Germany was ready to return to crisis. 3. No political party had a majority. Coalition gov’t struggled to agree and get laws passed. 4. Dawes Plan and new currency meant eco was stable Hitler’s rise to power Hitler’s rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events happening outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor. In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression. America called in all its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany due to the Dawes Plan. Unemployment in Germany rose to 6 million. The government did not know what to do. In July 1930 Chancellor Bruning cut government expenditure, wages and unemployment pay – the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions, so President Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass the measures by decree. The Nazis gain support Anger and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support. Many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitler’s campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. Nationalists and racists blamed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations. [pic] In 1928, the Nazis had only 12 seats in the Reichstag; by July 1932 they had 230 seats and were the largest party. The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg dismissed Bruning in 1932. His replacement – Papen – lasted six months, and the next chancellor – Schleicher – only lasted two months. Hindenburg had to use Article 48 to pass almost every law. In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their side by offering to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made chancellor. They agreed, thinking they could control him. In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself absolute ruler of Germany using Article 48. Reasons why Hitler rose to power 1. Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him. 2. The moderate political parties would not work together, although together they had more support than the Nazis. . The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. 4. The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitler’s opponents. 5. Goebbels’ propaganda cam paign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with different slogans and policies to win their support. 6. Hitler was given power in a political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him. . German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to overturn it. 8. Industrialists gave Hitler money and support. How Hitler consolidated power 1933-1934 Dates and events 1933-1934 |Date |Event | |27 Feb 1933 |Reichstag Fire Hitler used the fire to his advantage in two ways: | |[pic] |It gave him an opportunity to imprison many communist leaders, which stopped them campaigning during the election. | |It allowed the Nazis to say that the country was in danger from the communists during its election campaign. | | |Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election. | | |When the courts convicted Dutch Communist van der Lubbe, but did not convict other Communist leaders, Hitler was furious and | | |replaced the courts with the Nazi People’s Courts. | |5 Mar 1933 |General Election – only 44 per cent of the population vote for the Nazis, who win 288 seats in the Reichstag. |[pic] |Although it did not give the Nazis the majority that Hitler had hoped for in the Reichstag, it gave them enough seats – after | | |Hitler had arrested all the communist deputies and the other parties had been intimidated by the SA – to get the Enabling Act | | |passed, which is all Hitler needed to do. | |23 Mar 1933 |Enabling Act – the SA intimidates all the remaining non-Nazi deputies. The Reichstag votes to give Hitler the right to make his | |[pic] |own laws. | |Arguably the critical event – it gave Hitler absolute power to make his laws. | |26 April 1933 |Local government is reorganised – the country is carved up into 42 Gaus, which are run by a Gauleiter. These Gaus are separated | |[pic] |into areas, l ocalities and blocks of flats run by a Blockleiter. Hitler sets up the Gestapo. | | |This put the Nazis in control of local government, and allowed the Gestapo to rule by terror. | |2 May 1933 |Trade unions are abolished and their leaders arrested. |[pic] |Abolishing the trade unions allowed Hitler to destroy a group that might have opposed him. It also gave Hitler the opportunity | | |to set up the German Labour Front, which gave him control over German workers. | |20 June 1933 |Concordat – Hitler makes an agreement with the Pope who sees him as someone who can destroy communism. This agreement allows | |[pic] |Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic Church alone. Hitler’s agreement with the Pope | | |was a temporary truce that allowed Hitler to ban the Catholic Zentrum party without opposition from the Catholic Church. | |14 July 1933 |Political parties are banned – only the Nazi party is allowed to exist. | |[pic] |Banning political parties made Germany a one-party state and destroyed democracy in the country. | | |After this action, Germans could no longer get rid of Hitler in an election. |24 April 1934 |People’s Courts – Hitler sets up the Nazi people’s courts where judges have to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. | |[pic] |These were set up to give Hitler greater control over the judgements made in courts. Hitler was furious because the courts did | | |not sentence the communists to death for starting the Reichstag fire. | |30 June 1934 |Night of the Long Knives – some SA leaders are demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda, and that the SA | |[pic] |take over the army. Hitler cannot afford to annoy the businessmen or the army, so the SS [SS: Also known as the Blackshirts. A | | |German police/ military style organisation created to serve as the personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler. In Hitler’s Germany they| | |eventually controlled the intelligence, security and police forces, and extermination of those they considered undesirable. ] | | |murders perhaps 400 of the SA members, including its leader Rohm, along with a number of Hitler’s other opponents. | |This destroyed all opposition within the Nazi Party. It gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed the rest of the world what a| | |tyrant Hitler was. | |19 Aug 1934 |Fuhrer – when Hindenburg dies, Hitler declares himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army. This formally made | |[pic] |Hitler the absolute ruler of Germany. | Many historians believe that Nazi Germany only appeared to be a dictatorship. In fact, officials were left to make most of the decisions themselves, and the Nazi government was badly-organised, and chaotic. Hitler and the army It is important to note that in 1934, the army was not subject to Hitler’s authority. At this point, he still needed the army’s support, which is why he destroyed the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1938, army leaders hoped Hitler’s plan to conquer the Sudetenland would fail and give them an opportunity to depose [Depose: To remove a ruler or monarch. ] him. When he suceeded, their attempt to get rid of him fell apart, and Hitler dismissed the chief of staff and 60 other generals. Thereafter, the army was also subservient to Hitler. The structures of control in the Nazi state Hitler introduced many policies and measures to ensure the Nazis remained in control, once he declared himself Fuhrer. These measures dealt with political opponents, as well as ordinary people, who suddenly found their private, social and working lives controlled by the Nazis. Seven key structures The Nazi party aimed to control every aspect of people’s political, social and working lives. It maintained control through a mixture of propaganda [Propaganda: A type of advertising for an idea or cause, produced by supporters or opponents of that idea or cause. It is usually produced to influence how the people of a nation think. ] and intimidation. 1. Government (political) The way Hitler consolidated power in 1933-1934 meant that the Nazis had absolute control of national and local government. 2. Religion (social) †¢ Hitler believed that religion was a threat to the Nazis’ control over people’s minds, so he tried different ways to reduce the power of the church over people. Non-Nazi Catholic priests and Protestant pastors such as Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoffer were sent to concentration camps. †¢ Jews and Jehovah’s Witnesses were openly persecuted. †¢ Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which banned the Bible and the cross. †¢ Nazis encouraged people to revive the old Viking myths and ceremonies. 3. Culture (social) †¢ Hitler ordered Nazification – the imposition of Nazi values – on all aspects of German life. Artists had to produce acceptable paintings that portrayed Nazi values. †¢ Jazz music was banned. †¢ Books written by Jews were publicly burned. Homosexuals were persecuted; they did not fit the Nazi image of the ideal family. †¢ The Olympic Games of 1936 were a huge Nazi propaganda success. 4. Work (working) †¢ Dr Robert Ley, head of the DAF [DAF: German Labour Front ], boasted that he controlled workers’ lives from the ‘cradle to the grave’. The RAD (Nation al Labour Service) sent young men on public works. †¢ Hitler introduced conscription in 1936; most men went into the army after the RAD. †¢ The DAF (German Labour Front) controlled workers’ conditions at work. †¢ The KdF (Strength through Joy) movement regulated their leisure time. . Education and youth (working) †¢ The lives of young people were controlled both in and out of school to turn them into fanatical Nazis. Non-Nazi teachers and university professors were sacked; teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers’ League. †¢ Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas. †¢ History was taught to glorify Germany. †¢ There was a concentration on physical fitness. †¢ Girls were taught cookery; boys were taught science and maths. †¢ The Hitler Youth was compulsory; it indoctrinated boys and prepared them for war. The Nazi Girls’ youth organisation – the BDM – was compulsory; it indoctrinated girls and prepared them for church, children and cooking. 6. Terror (method of control) †¢ Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police. ) †¢ Blockleiters in each block of flats and street informed on ‘grumblers’. â₠¬ ¢ Arrests of thousands of people terrified opponents. †¢ Set up Nazi people’s courts. †¢ Concentration camps. 7. Propaganda (method of control) Josef Goebbels controlled the Propaganda Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into obeying the Nazis and idolising Hitler. Mass rallies at Nuremberg. †¢ Newspapers were censored. †¢ People’s radios were sold very cheaply, but broadcasts were controlled. †¢ Films were controlled to make films that glorified war and pilloried the Jews. †¢ Loudspeakers in public places blared out Nazi propaganda. †¢ Cult of personality – Hitler’s picture was everywhere, and he was portrayed as Germany’s saviour. Women in the Nazi state Hitler had very clear ideas about the woman’s role in the Nazi state – she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. Hitler even introduced a medal for women who had eight or more children! The role of women The Nazis had clear ideas of what they wanted from women. Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family. Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even at the end of the war, women were never asked to serve in the armed forces. Their job was to keep the home nice for their husband and family – their life should revolve round the three ‘Ks’: †¢ church †¢ children †¢ cooking Goebbels said: â€Å"The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world. † Hitler wanted a high birth rate, so the population would grow. The Nazis even considered making it law that families should have at least four children. Girls did keep fit in the BDM [BDM: Bund Deutscher Madel – the German group for girls age 14+ ] to make themselves healthy for childbirth, but they were discouraged from staying slim, because it was thought that thin women had trouble giving birth. The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly wed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had. Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal. Unmarried women could volunteer to have a baby for an Aryan [Aryan: a person of European decent (not Jewish) often with blond hair and blue eyes – the Nazis viewed as the superior human race ] member of the SS Women were supposed to emulate traditional German peasant fashions – plain peasant costumes, hair in plaits or buns and flat shoes. They were not expected to wear make-up or trousers, dye their hair or smoke in public. Opposition Those who spoke out against Hitler and his policies faced intimidation and threats from the Gestapo or imprisonment and in some cases execution. However, there were some brave individuals and groups who openly opposed Hitler and his policies. Who opposed Hilter? It was difficult – and dangerous – to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try: 1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally-disabled people. 2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Pope’s message ‘With Burning Concern’ attacked Hitler as ‘a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance’ and was read in every Catholic church. 3. The White Rose group was formed by students at Munich University. They published anti-Nazi leaflets, but were discovered and executed in 1944. 4. A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. 5. During the war, ‘swing’ groups were formed. These were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcohol and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti-Nazi slogans, sheltered deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them. . Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemoller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler’s Reich Church. Niemoller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhoffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed. 7. In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tr ied to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed. Persecution Who did the Nazis persecute? The Nazis believed that only Germans could be citizens and that non-Germans did not have any right to the rights of citizenship. The Nazis racial philosophy taught that some races were untermensch (sub-human). Many scientists at this time believed that people with disabilities or social problems were genetic degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline. The Nazis, therefore: †¢ Tried to eliminate the Jews. †¢ Killed 85 per cent of Germany’s Gypsies. †¢ Sterilised black people. †¢ Killed mentally disabled babies. †¢ Killed mentally ill patients. †¢ Sterilised physically disabled people and people with hereditary diseases. Sterilised deaf people. †¢ Put homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovah’s Witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals – who they regarded as anti-social – into concentration camps. How the Nazis persecuted the Jews: key dates 1933 †¢ Boycott of Jewish busin esses. †¢ Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers sacked. †¢ Race Science lessons to teach that Jews are inferior 1935 †¢ ‘Jews not wanted here’ signs put up at swimming pools etc. †¢ Nuremberg laws (15 September) Jews could not be citizens. They were not allowed to vote or to marry a German. 1938 †¢ Jews could not be doctors. Jews had to add the name Israel (men) or Sarah (women) to their name. †¢ Jewish children forbidden to go to school. †¢ Kristallnacht (9 November) – attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues [Synagogues: These are places of Jewish worship and community. ]. [pic] A shop damaged during Kristallnacht 1939 †¢ Jews were forced to live in ghettoes. 1941 †¢ Army Einsatzgruppen squads in Russia started mass-shootings of Jews. †¢ All Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David. 1942 †¢ Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the Final Solution, which was to gas all Europeâ€⠄¢s Jews. The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor. Economic policies and benefits Hitler’s economic policy had four main ideas: 1. Full employment – the idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemployment in Germany. 2. Beauty of Work – the Nazis set up the SdA (Beauty of Work) to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should. In fact – because the Nazis had abolished the trade unions, banned strikes, and given more power to the industrialists – real wages fell and hours were longer under Hitler. 3. Re-armament begun in 1935 – the idea of ‘guns before butter’. . Autarky – there was an unsuccessful attempt at making Germany self-sufficient. The good life in Nazi Germany Despite the loss of political and religious freedom, life improved in Germany for many ordinary people who were prepared to ‘toe the line’ and look the other way. †¢ Everybody had a job, and a wage. To people who had been unemployed and starving, ‘work and bread’ was a wonderful blessing worth every civil liberty they lost. †¢ The Nazis set up KdF (Strength through Joy), which gave workers rewards for their work – evening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays. The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volkswagen Beetle car for a small weekly payment. †¢ People appreciated the public works – eg new schools and hospitals. †¢ Nazi Youth groups provided activities and holidays for young people. How Hitler increased employment Hitler introduced many policies to fulfil his goal of full employment: †¢ He stopped paying reparations and invested the money in German compa nies. †¢ He began a huge programme of public works including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. He also built public buildings such as the 1936 Olympic Stadium. The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. †¢ Rearmament created jobs in the armaments industry. †¢ The introduction of national service meant all young men spent six months in the RAD [RAD: The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint. ] and then they were conscripted into the army. By 1939, 1. 4 million men were in the army, so they were not counted as unemployed. †¢ Many Jews were sacked and their jobs given to non-Jews. †¢ Many women were sacked and their jobs given to men. How to cite Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany, Papers

Types of technical report Essay Example

Types of technical report Paper A progress report gives Information on the history of particular project over a Limited period of time. Since It Is the nature of a progress report to be partially completed Is submitted midway through the project completion or as the need rises. According to Mills and Walter (1980), a progress report is composed of transitional introduction and a prophetic conclusion. Transitional Introduction Transitional Introduction Refers to the detailed discussion regarding the completed ark given the present time frame. Prophetic conclusion Prophetic conclusion refers to the projected completion of a project and the circumstances surrounding Its completion. The Preliminary Report A preliminary report Indicates the validity of a particular project. It takes Into account the basic requirements when putting up a project or the considerations the proponent needs to know. The Periodic Report A periodic report is written for the sole purpose of providing updates for the client who commissioned it. The report includes details pertinent to the project status. It primarily uses statistical data that reflect the dealings made for the subject. Two classifications of Periodic report: Routine report Refers to a report written by an assigned employee or employees to his/her superiors. Let includes the status of the company, the employees, the materials and the like. Annual report It is a periodic report of the organization as a whole, taking note of transactions made by the company general/official regarding the organizations performance. Final report A final report is submitted after the completion of a project. It shows how the reports was carried out. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of technical report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Types of technical report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Types of technical report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It Is detailed and contains relevant Illustrations. It serves as a permanent record of a project. Examination report decision-making strategies and out comes. The premise of any examination report is that it is well researched and well-written. Three general classifications of examination: 1 . Reader- may deal with readers whose in of work involves technical/scientific know how. 2. Contents- may involve groups dealing with persons, processes structure or materials. 3. Purpose- the report reflects the type of information target readers would want to know.